Capra milked by a girl of Latin America. .
MILK, FOOD ANTHROPOLOGY
of Prehistoric Man did not drink milk? Nothing could be further from the truth. In fact, collecting herbs and edible fruits had to be hard work, risky and its outcome is uncertain and increasingly scarce. Milk, however, was already a ready-made food, safe, ready to drink, prodotto dalle femmine dei mammiferi più vicini all’uomo ("commensali", li definiscono gli zoologi, perché mangiano accanto agli insediamenti umani senza esserne disturbati), come le mansuete capre e pecore.
Insomma, nella totale penuria di cibo di quei lontani millenni, difficile resistere alla tentazione dello strano liquido bianco che conservandosi dava origine a forme dure molto energetiche e facilmente trasportabili.
Il latte era sempre stato consumato sporadicamente dall’Uomo, finché non si arrivò all’invenzione dell’agricoltura e alla diffusione degli allevamenti (10-12 mila anni fa) che permisero di raccoglierlo regolarmente. E furono proprio capre e pecore i primi animali ad essere addomesticati (About 11,000 years ago), followed by ox, pig (wild boar), dog (wolf), and finally ass horse. This 5500 years ago, as stated in the summary of a recent study of researchers from the Universities of Bristol and Exeter, and just in the same regions in the current Kasakistan and Kyrgyzstan, where he still lives today with milk mare (horse) milked directly from peasant-shepherd on the prairies and then drunk as a yogurt or fermented to make cheese, notes an interesting article presentation of the University of Bristol.
In fact, from the beginning, among the aims of domestication There was also, and not least, the consumption of milk of animals. In ancient Rome, by the way, even in historical period is even documented the sale of milk of a bitch, for the sick, elderly and convalescent. Common goat milk, sheep and donkeys. More rare cow's milk. The ox was the animal in ancient Rome to work for excellence, and it seems that if we were to use often in breeding cows. The small ox, of course. The big one or uro ( Bos primigenius) was very aggressive and attacked the man. However it was domesticated in prehistoric times in Europe, and also in the Italian peninsula, to cross with other breeds myths and use the milk (from 16 000 to 12 000 anni fa), ed anzi "l’addomesticamento dell'uro - conferma David Caramelli che ha coordinato uno studio sul genoma del bovino - ha sicuramente influito anche sull'evoluzione dell'Uomo. Per esempio, è dimostrato che la diffusione in molte popolazioni umane di mutazioni sul Dna che permettono la digestione del lattosio anche in età adulta è avvenuta con un tipico processo darwiniano di selezione naturale dovuto al cambiamento di dieta».
Così, l’enzima lattasi necessario all’Uomo per digerire lo zucchero del latte, il lattosio, accompagnò l'evoluzione umana in questa sua conquista del nuovo alimento liquido. La Natura approvò, e venne in soccorso di quelle people that the milk used more and continuously, resulting in genetic variants capable of synthesizing the enzyme for milk.
Contrary to some peoples of Africa and the Far East, most people in Europe and many individuals from other populations continue to produce the enzyme lactase throughout their life. This phenomenon is called "persistence of lactase. In Europe, a human genetic mutation (called -13.910 * T) is closely related to lactase persistence and seems to be favored by natural selection during the last 10,000 years. But since the consumption of fresh milk as adults was possible only after the domestication of animals, it is obvious that lactase persistence has evolved along with the cultural practice dairy, that is, with the use of drinking milk or yogurt, and cheese-making, which was originally the only way of preserving milk in the long run.
Now, on "PLoS Computational Biology," an original study genetic, archaeological and computational (mathematical simulations were also used in computers), fully quoted, found that the coupled evolutionary persistence of lactase- use of milk and cheese has begun around 7,500 years ago in the area between the central Balkans and Central Europe. Well, not in Sweden, Norway, Britain and Finland, aree in cui si è sempre bevuto molto latte. Al contrario di quanto si riteneva finora, si è trovato che nelle aree del Nord Europa la persistenza della lattasi, molto diffusa, non fu dovuta - ha commentato Mark Thomas, che ha diretto lo studio - soprattutto all’accresciuta richiesta nella dieta di vitamina D (latte e latticini ne sono ricchi), come compensazione della carenza in quei climi dell’irradiazione solare (che, com'è noto, sintetizza la vitamina D nella pelle).
Importante, insomma, il dato di storia dell’alimentazione e della civiltà provato dallo studio. La capacità di secernere l’enzima lattasi per poter digerire senza disturbi il lattosio del latte fresco, sicuramente già preesistente, has evolved to become regular, ongoing or transmissible, and genetics, even in the absence of a continuous use of milk for the first time in the community of European farmers or closer to Europe about 7500 years ago.
Milk continues, therefore, a very old traditional European food, then went wherever there were European settlers from North America to Canada, New Zealand to South Africa, India and Australia. A typical food of the old continent, which has its anthropological importance and food if we think that many foods that Europeans are not consume every day from Europe. The only European native corn and oats, and if you get married with latte abbiamo la più caratteristica zuppa cerealicola d’Europa, che Bircher Benner, un po’ abusivamente chiamò "muesli".
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MA TUTTI GLI ALIMENTI SONO STATI MODIFICATI O SELEZIONATI DALL'UOMO
Che insegnamento trarne? Che anche il latte, come i broccoli, le zucchine, il grano, i legumi, le uova, e tutti quelli che oggi consideriamo a ragione o a torto gli "alimenti" tipici, naturali, dell’Uomo, è in realtà un’invenzione antropologica, un uso creato dal bisogno, cioè dall’intelligenza umana, a partire da una risorsa "naturale" (come origine) . Ed è altamente paradossale, perciò, che l'alimentazione "naturale" (In another meaning: as a typical food, elective, man) is actually made up of all food in some way "artificial," that is selected, improved, cross, processed, Man.
So it is ridiculous, childish, anti-scientific, question, and, moreover, ironically, if the primitive ideal man, just come down from the trees or not to drink milk, and concluded that "milk is not food for adult men, especially since we would be "the only mammals to drink the milk of another species." It is not true, as anyone who has a cat, or have seen a rat faced with a saucer of milk.
Nonsense, subcultural stereotypes, not taking into account the Science and History, but only a dull and reactionary ideology. That ignores the fact that we are not like other primates, we have created the right and astronomy, architecture and mathematics, art and the experimental method, the Colosseum and the Pyramids, in short, culture. And imagine if we could not "create", that change starts from nature that we should desire to feed, things much easier, as the food.
Foods that mostly we did not find ready-made, because everything leads us to believe that Man was not expected on the Earth. And 'the fruit of random evolution. In fact, Nature does not care about him, and no God has provided. If not, not even explain why all plants to defend themselves from predators, including humans, synthesize thousands of natural anti-nutritional, toxic or even carcinogenic. Even a child would notice that if they were indeed the "food destined by God to Man," as required by the fairy tale, these poisons should not be there. Well, these non-foods, those quasi-food, experienced at our expense for dramatic "trial and error" (killed, that is "selected" Man of the most ferocious animals, said the oncologist G. Della Porta) we have from ancient times improved, transformed and recreated all, from wheat to tomatoes, in different shapes and flavors including those who had originally. And sometimes they were inedible, very attractive, very small, unhealthy or poisonous.
Just think of the broccoli, do not exist in nature, we need genetic engineering of the Etruscans (the wild plant of Brassica silvestris with its sparse leaves small and tasteless and inedible), to realize that, indeed, that of milk was the most basic invention. They did all the animals.
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